Finland Erkki Vilkman Professional state . independent specialty of its own standing In Finland phoniatrics is independent specialty since 1948 covering voice, speech, language and hearing (together with audiology) . number of university departments At each university hospital i.e. 5. . number of doctors working in the field 15 active in Phoniatrics . relevant web sites for links under construction Education and training .program and examination for specialization general part altogether one year training in the fields of pediatrics and/or (child)neurology and/or (child)psychiatry and/or allergology and/or theoretical work at a department of physiology or phonetics. specialization: six monthes audiology, six monthes ENT, three years phoniatrics. Research, main topics Institute: Phoniatric Department, University of Oulu and Helsinki University Central Hospital Persons: Erkki Vilkman Topics: Occupational voice disorders, Voice physiology Institute: Cleft Palate Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital. Persons: Marja-Leena Haapanen. Topics: Cleft palate speech Institute: Phoniatric Department, Turku University Central Hospital Persons: Eeva Sala Topics: Occupational voice disorders Associations . Professional name: Finnish Phoniatricians: contact address: Marja Marttinen, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Phoniatric Department, Pob 220; FI-00029 HUCH, Finland Outstanding personalities Aatto Sonninen, University of Jyväskylä, c.f. personalities Professor of Phoniatrics since 1989 Erkki Vilkman, University of Oulu . relevant web sites under construction Literature . relevant web sites under construction