Germany up to 1945
Heinz Zehmisch (Plauen), Constantin Siegert † (Jena) and Juergen Wendler (Berlin)
Translated from the Gutzmann-Festschrift (1980) into English and updated by J. Wendler
Essential Prerequisites for the Development of Phoniatrics
The human language as a very specific result of a long lasting sociobiologic developmental process, the beginning of which leaves, still, many fundamental questions open, aroused scientific interest in various fields even early. In the scientific-medical area, Johannes Mueller (1840) investigated the relations between morphological as well as functional relationships of the larynx and corresponding acoustic parameters. His precise experiments led to basic knowledge about the physiology of the voice in terms of the acting myoelastic and aerodynamic forces. After Tuerck in Pest (1857) and Czermak in Prague and Vienna (1858) had systematically proven the practical relevance of the laryngeal mirror, Lewin and Tobold in Berlin took over the new technique of investigation very soon and contributed to its distribution by own publications (1863). The indirect removal of a vocal fold polyp via laryngeal mirror by Bruns turned out well in 1861 for the first time. Stroboscopy as introduced by Oertel, Munich (1895), made possible the observation of the vocal fold vibrations, and Musehold succeeded with strobophotos of the vocal folds of astonishingly good quality in Berlin (1911) little later. With these examinations he confirmed Ewald (1902) after whom the vocal fold vibrations follow the principle of the bolster and reed pipes. Scheier showed first x-rays for the larynx in 1896. Later on, he extended the application of the X ray technique to different questions of the physiology of voice and language. Helmholtz, the German physiologist and physicist in Koenigsberg, Bonn, Heidelberg and Berlin (Founding President of „Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt“ in Berlin, 1888), inventor of the mirror for eye investigation, aplied the principle of resonance in highly sophisticated mechanical experiments to several physiological phenomena, such as hearing as well as analysis and synthesis of vowels on the basis of specific spectral structures. Finally, the physiologist Hermann from Koenigsberg must be mentioned for his extensive phonophotographic observations and calculations to the acoustic structure of the vowels (1889/1895), leading him among other things also to the coining of the term “formant”, with what he marked speech sound specific partial tone areas.
The physiology and pathology of speech and language also found lively interest of the medical doctors parallel to the development of the physiology of the voice. Carl Ludwig Merkel lectured in the winter semester 1840/41 “About faults of voice and language” for the first time. Barth (1912), director of the Leipzig university hospital for ear, nose, and throat patients reported: “The topic changed in different ways during the next years, so that besides the pathology of stuttering and stammering, besides the physiology of the language, the theory of singing was also included. He was an eager and precise observer. His textbook “Anthropophonik” may not be neglected at scientific studies in question still today. He already recognized the close coherence between voice and hearing, as follows from its lecture held in summer 1848, “About the faults and disorders of the voice, speech, and hearing organ”. Broca (1861) and Wernicke (1874) did important contributions to the central representation of the language functions, and Kußmaul (1877), with his book “Die Sprachstoerungen”, put a conception, which continued to be way pointing for a long time. H. Gutzmann senior edited a 4th edition of this standard reference in 1910 without changing the text. He merely completed it with rather extended remarks which represented current cognitions.
Besides various educational efforts to the treatment of stuttering, medical doctors also used the methods being at their disposal for the therapy of this fluency disturbance of speech. Thus, hardly understandable to-day, it came among others to a wide spreading of the tongue operations, that the surgeon Dieffenbach (1841), a recognized authority in his field, had introduced. Although the Berlin doctor Lichtinger (1844) strongly opposed against the “eager tenotomists” which can “lead themselves to violent operations at the tongue”, the Dieffenbach procedure attained a worldwide fame, which hurts us today.
Nevertheless, that what we call phoniatrics today continued to take shape, supported by physicians like Lewin, Hartmann, Ruff and Tobold in Berlin, Siegle in Stuttgart (generalist and specialist for throat and ear diseases, inventor of an apparatus for steam inhalations), Rosenbach in Jena and Avellis in Frankfurt on the Main, who published important contributions with his paper “Der Gesangsarzt” and articles on vocal fatigue and vocal hygiene after 1891.
The laryngological era started in Berlin with Bernhard Fraenkel (1836 - 1911). Generally, laryngology was, at that time, a little partial field of internal medicine. Fraenkel was an internist, too, however had chosen rhino-laryngology to his main field of work in 1884 and founded the first laryngological clinic in Berlin in 1901 and thus also in Prussia (the execution of a tracheotomy was forbidden to him by ministerial issue, however). Fraenkel was the first to deal with and to publish on the acting weakness of the voice (mogiphonia) (1887). He introduced the term “phonasthenia”.
Finally Albert Gutzmann (1837-1910), the teacher for the deaf, has to be mentioned as an essential forerunner. Besides his job as the director of the Berlin school for the deaf, he devoted himself to the treatment of stuttering among schoolchildren. His pamphlet “Stuttering and its thorough elimination by a methodically organized and practically tested procedure” (1879) led to ministerial issuances in 1888 and 1889, which fixed public measures against speech disorders in Prussia. During the next 10 years, A. Gutzmann instructed more than 500 teachers from all areas of the country theoretically and practically, and his work was extended this way to a wide field of activities. “ Dess darf ich mich freuen “, A. Gutzmann wrote in his curriculum vitae 1897 for this success.
Thus, the best prerequisites were given in Germany at the end of the 19th century - due to the scientific level of knowledge generally and due to interested personalities particularly - that a new field of medical sciences could develop and find recognition, voice and speech/language pathology, called phoniatrics later on. An extraordinary, outstanding personality should gain central importance for this process: Hermann Gutzmann, a son of the teacher for the deaf, Albert Gutzmann.
Life and work of Hermann Gutzmann
Hermann Gutzmann was born in Buetow, on January 29th, 1865. He came into touch with speech/language disabled people rather early by the job of his father and became familiar with problems, which concerned him all his life. The family moved to Berlin in 1873. Hermann attended the high school and the university here. He completed the study of medicine with the doctorate in 1887. For his thesis, he had chosen the topic “about stuttering”. He conducted together with his father courses for doctors and teachers about speech disorders in 1888. At first, he worked as generalist (1889), but as early as in January 1891, he opened an ambulance for speech-language patients from private means in Berlin. In addition, he set up a nursing home for speech-language patients in Zehlendorf. Besides his practical medical work, Hermann Gutzmann developed wide scientific activities related to voice and speech/language disabled people. He understood very well, as no other doctor was able before him, to put voice and speech/language disorders in relation to many medical fields and borderline areas. At the same time, he recognized the social relevance of voice and speech disorders both for the inidividual person and for the society. He together with his father founded the „Medizinisch-paedagogische Monatsschrift fuer die gesamte Sprachheilkunde” in 1890, with the subtitle “Internationales Zentralblatt fuer experimentelle Phonetik” since 1907. From 1913, the periodical appeared under the name “Vox”. After the death of his father, Hermann Gutzmann editied the journal with one of his students, G. Panconcelli-Calzia.
The work of Hermann Gutzmann can be divided up into three periods of activities after main topics:
1. till 1898: Stuttering;
2. till 1905/1906: All disturbances of the language and the complete history of speech pathology;
3. from 1905/1906: Voice, its development, its use and abuse.
The methods of experimental phonetics were the basis for many examinations.
In 1904, Gutzmann submitted a Ph.D. thesis in the field of internal medicine. Thus, he requested the permission to be allowed to give lectures on the pathology and therapy of speech disorders as well as on the health care for language. In his thesis, he discussed the respiratory movements in their relation to speech disorders. Hermann Gutzmann held his inaugural lecture on “Speech disorders as a topic of clinical education” on January 30th, 1905. Thus, voice and speech/language pathology was established as an academic discipline, and the year 1905 is considered as the official year of foundation of phoniatrics.
Hermann Gutzmann was an extraordianary, highly talented man. He didn’t know well-known teachers with whom he could have gone to school. He taught everything, which was necessary for the development of the new field of science, to himself as an autodidact. It is said that he was very musical and had an absolute hearing. He was a superior master of the new specialty. He answered the question who might call himself a “speech doctor” that way (1912): „Obviously, a man, who not only knows the basics of internal medicine and paediatrics, but, beyond the knowledge of the generalist, can also assess the surgical methods related to the speech organs concerning their physiological consequences; a man, who has profound knowledge in the areas of pedagogy, psychology, speech physiology, phonetics, in particular experimental phonetics; a physician, who not only knows the basic techniques of laryngeal an otological investigations, but is familiar with the present questions of this discipline to be able to assess their relevance for voice and speech pathology, and has control of the diagnostic investigation methods of neurology and psychiatry as far as he does not do any rough mistakes or realizes, at least, the limits of his own knowledge in due time”.
When Hermann Gutzmann passed away, much too early, on the 4th of November 1922 because of a sepsis, he left a heritage on which, today, we still can build up. The size and the versatility of the scientific work Hermann Gutzmann’s become evident by the list of his publications (see bibliography).
Scientific development and spreading of the discipline in Germany
For the development of phoniatrics in Germany and in Europe, the Berlin and the Vienna school were of substantial importance. Although “Austrian competences” are touched here in parts, an overall breakdown may be allowed.
. Berlin school: (organists)
. Founder:
. Students:
. Vienna school: (psychologists)
. Teachers/protagonists:
. Founder:
. Students:
The difference of both schools was characterized by their basic positions regarding their approaches to the classification of voice and speech/language disorders. The physiology of all organic functions involved in the communication processes and corresponding elements of training derived from the normal functions was the basis of Gutzmann, while Froeschels started out from a psycho-analytic philosophy including psychotherapy. Certain contrasts became evident, for example, in the treatment of stuttering, and they were elements of scientific disputes. There were, concerning stuttering, temporary opinions, which changed again later on. Froeschels, at the I. Congress of Logopedics and Phoniatrics, Vienna 1924, supported the neurologist Theodor Hoepfner who replaced the term “stuttering” by the concept of “associative aphasia”. With the introduction of the chewing approach to the treatment of stuttering, Froeschels took some distance from the emphasized psychotherapeutic position and arrived, with elements of physical training, at a point of view closer to what Hermann Gutzmann had represented from the beginning.
Hermann Gutzmann, who was called the “father of voice and speech/language pathology” also by Emil Froeschels and who was as a corresponding member of the Vienna Laryngo-Rhinological Society since 1912, created the science of voice and speech/language disorders as a new medical discipline. The same field was described “logopedics” by Emil Froeschels, and he stressed that logopedics is a medical discipline. Obviously, he was going to change his mind when he spoke about “logopedics-phoniatrics” in 1925, although he understood phoniatrics only as a term to describe diseases of the singing and speaking voice. The name “phoniatrics” for the field created by Hermann Gutzmann was introduced in 1920 by his students Hugo Stern and Miloslav Seeman. (The famous London throat doctor Sir Morell Mackenzie had got himself the telegraphic address “phoniatros” even earlier.) Then, Seeman has promoted the development of phoniatrics systematically from Prague. He understood phoniatrics as the science of the disorders of voice, speech/language and hearing along with the corresponding methods of treatment. This conception also goes back to Hermann Gutzmann, who emphasized that out of the sensorial qualities of hearing, seeing, and feeling, hearing is of absolute priority for the perception of voice and language.
However, both schools also had things in common, e.g. for the wanted and practiced teamwork with pedagogy. What was the cooperation with his father for Hermann Gutzmann, Emil Froeschels realized in Vienna together with the educationalist K. C. Rothe. Beyond this there were also examples that medical doctors and special pedagogues received a “composite education”, e.g. G. E. Arnold was influenced by both of the two schools.
The Irst International Congress of Logopedics and Phoniatrics called to Vienna in 1924 by Froeschels was an expression of the increasing expansion of the branch in the international area, an event which led to the foundation of the “International Society of Logopedics and Phoniatrics.” E. Froeschels became the first president of this society in 1926, the Gutzmann student Hugo Stern was elected secretary and, later, vice-president. At the III. IALP congress (1928), Stern spoke about “The necessity of a uniform nomenclature for physiology, pathology and education of the voice”.
After Gutzmann
After the death of Hermann Gutzmann, Berlin remained center for phoniatrics in Germany. His last assistant, Harold Zumsteeg, took the lead of the ambulance up to 1924. Then, von Eicken engaged Hermann Gutzmann jun. as the new head of the ambulance for voice and speech/language disabled. He worked closely together with F. Wethlo and Th. S. Flatau. New departments or facilities for the treatment of voice and speech/language patients, began to arise everywhere in the country, at the universities and in different cities such as Munich (M. Nadoleczny), Hamburg (G. Panconcelli-Calzia), Freiburg (R. Schilling), Frankfurt on the Main (Kickhoefel), Marburg (H. Loebell), Duesseldorf (H. Dahmann, E. Doehne), Koenigsberg (R. Sokolowski), Muenster (W. (Berger), Erlangen (Scheibe, Brock, Geissler) and Heidelberg (J. Berendes).
As examples for the development of special consulting centers at municipal level, the cities of Meissen and Chemnitz (Saxony) and Plauen (Vogtland) can be mentioned, where a teamwork existed between special pedagogues and medical doctors at the beginning of the century as well as within the thirties. After a report of Hoffmann (1929), Meissen was one of the few Saxon places which have operated speech-language care throughout 25 years regularly and permanently : “The speech therapy is based on theoretical and practical studies with two recognized experts, with Gutzmann, Berlin, and with Engel, Dresden. These two men completed each other, when one of them was more involved in science and speech pathology, and the other one primarily in voice education and speech training. The teaching method of Gutzmann, borrowed from educational methods for the deaf, was influenced and completed by the measures for voice and articulation exercises already after few years by effortless learning of singing (“vocal etudes”) after Prof. Engels.”. The author stresses, that he performed his entire healing activity under control of the doctor and that the relationship to medical officers and medical specialists was always the rather best, carried by mutual confidence.
In the Saxon industrial city of Chemnitz, voice training programs for teachers were carried out since 1908 and combined with other measures on decision of the education authority, to prevent voice disturbances in teachers and schoolchildren. A municipal consulting center was erected, the area of responsibility of which permanently enlarged. Since 1926, it was directed by G. Zoeppel, who got a special education at the philosophical faculty in Hamburg and worked with Panconcelli-Calzia and later in Vienna with Stern and Froeschels. Under his direction, the consulting center was lifted to the rank of a practical training center for speech-language teachers and took on the organization and supervision of voice and speech pathology in Saxony outside the medical field.
The regional school office of Plauen passed an instruction to the managements of all municipal primary schools for the treatment of stuttering children in 1903, which referred to H. Gutzmann. 3 courses of up to 15 participants were carried out every year. The medical officer worked as medical consultant within the first years, later on it was the head of the neurological department of the municipal hospital and an ENT doctor.
It should be emphasized that the general effectiveness was reached particularly there where authorities were included in these affairs. Hermann Gutzmann had already known how to point out the facts and the meaning of the speech-language patients to some ministers. Quite a number of recruits had to be excluded in Prussia annually from the compulsory service because of unsatisfactory language. The general educational demands increased for the mastering of the production process, and thus, the authorities had to show interest in the care of voice and speech-language patients.
Leading representatives and supporters of phoniatrics
The short CVs of some personalities shall show that the versatility which Hermann Gutzmann as founder of the branch always had in mind, was also demanded by his students and coworkers in the interest of the further development.
Jakob Katzenstein (1864 - 1922) was a student of Baginski and Fraenkel and worked mainly in Berlin. He dealt primarily with experiments with animals about the physiology of the larynx. In 1909, he graduated (Ph.D.) as a university lecturer for Oto-Laryngology with special consideration of voice disorders. As from 1913, he edited the “Archiv fuer experimentelle und klinische Phonetik” as supplement to “Passow-Schaefers Beitraege”.
Theodor Simon Flatau (1860 - 1937) worked as a specialist for Oto-rhino-laryngology in Berlin since 1882, studied music from 1894 to 1897, was a high school lecturer for music and returned to Charité in 1905 again under Passow, later with von Eicken.. He conducted the training for lip reading for the hard of hearing and the deaf. In 1927 he joined the ambulance for voice and speech/language disorders with Gutzmann jun. and took, as the older on, the general direction. In 1933, had he to be dismissed “for racial reasons”, as it was said at that time. Flatau’s scientific interest concentrated primarily on the voice, both in singing and speaking. He established the concepts of “phonasthenia” and “dysodia”.
Franz Wethlo (1877 - 1960), a Berlin educationalist and special pedagogue, was always working in his home town. As a student of Stumpf, Schaefer and H. Gutzmann senior, he developed soon into a successful college lecturer, technical designer and experimental phonetician. He, too, was primarily interested in voice and supported a scientific methodology of singing.
Helmut Loebell (1894 - 1964) worked as a student of Hegener (Hamburg) and Uffenorde (Marburg) in Marburg and Muenster. In the field of phoniatrics, he dealt with problems of the delayed speech-language development, the assessment of laryngectomees and the therapy of cleft palates. He cooperated with Nadoleczny temporarily.
Rudolf Schilling (1876 - 1964) lived and worked predominantly in Freiburg i. B., where he dealt mainly with physiological problems of phonetics and phoniatrics. He was a student of Bloch and Hinsberg and had declined a call to Berlin as successor of H. Gutzmann senior in 1924.
Max Nadoleczny (1874 - 1940) was a student of Haug, Schech, Gradenigo, Gutzmann senior and Lermoyez. He worked in Munich for four decades, went on to form the branch of phoniatrics and continued the Gutzmann school. As from 1903, he organized vacation courses, free of charge, for speech/language disabled schoolchildren without means in Munich. He foundet, on the order of Heine, a department for speech/language and voice patients at the Munich university hospital for ear patients in 1910 . On recommendation of H. Gutzmann senior, he qualified as a university lecturer (Ph.D.) in 1922. He, too, declined a call to Berlin after Gutzmann had died. In 1928, he received a lectureship as professor for speech/language and voice pathology from the Bavarian government. Nadoleczny mastered the complete field of phoniatrics as to research, teaching and medical care. He was a brilliant speaker, a sought-after teacher and a good doctor. In 1925, he founded the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Sprach- und Stimmheilkunde, which he conducted as their president up to 1936. The Kaiserliche Leopoldinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturfoscher (“Leopoldina”) in Halle appointed him their member shortly before his death. He published more than 125 scientific contributions.
Harold Zumsteeg (1874 - 1963), student of Fraenkel and H. Gutzmann senior, worked predominantly as an ENT specialist in Berlin all his life. As an army doctor, he dealt with problems of the commanding voice and enriched the specialty in its development from this view. He was privat assistent with Gutzmann sen. at his clinic for voice and speech/language disorders in Berlin-Zehlendorf and at the corresponding university ambulance, with some interruptions by military service. After Gutzmann’s death, he conducted the ambulance fom 1922 to 1924 and continued the work of his former teacher at the Academy for Social Hygiene in Berlin-Charlottenburg-Westend and at the Pedagogic Seminar of the city of Berlin up to 1933, lecturing on the pathology of speech/language and problems of the deaf.
Hermann Gutzmann jun. (1892 - 1972) took the inheritance of his father Hermann Gutzmann senior after he had been trained by Nadoleczny, Schilling and Stern. His place of work was Berlin, where he, at first, took over his father’s clinic in 1923, and then, in 1924, the direction of the university ambulance for voice and speech/language, deaf and hard of hearing patients in 1924, at the ENT-Clinic of Charité. His closest co-workers were Wethlo and Flatau, and Scholz and Strunden as assistants within the first years. Arnold and Luchsinger are regarded as his students. Besides scientific studies regarding the bolster pipe, sigmatisms and X ray kinematography, he concentrated on practical medical work and on the education and training of logopedists .
Heinz Dahmann (1890 - 1932) was a student of Killian, working in Duesseldorf from 1921 up to his death, where he always included the phoniatrics in his field of work.
Wilhelm Berger (1895 - 1938) worked as a student of Thost and Marx as well as Nadoleczny in Wuerzburg, Muenster and Koenigsberg. Besides versatile scientific activities, it was primarily his request, to incorporate speech/language and voice pathology into the practical laryngology and enlarge the minds of the throat doctors in neurologic-psychiatric perspectives.
There still is a number of further doctors and scientists, next to the above mentioned personalities, which supported the specialty in its development by their work. Mention should be made of
Ernst Barth, who published a standard reference with his “Einfuehrung in die Physiologie, Pathologie und Hygiene der menschlichen Stimme” (1911),
Woldemar Tonndorf, who did voice physiology a great service by, among others, investigations on physical basics of the human voice and stressing the meaning of the Bernoulli effect,
Otto Muck who achieved amazing successes with his ball method in the treatment of functional or psychogenic voice disturbances,
Giulio Panconcelli-Calzia, who, as a student of H. Gutzmann senior and Rousselot, carried out comprehensive experiments in the field of the phonetics, aiming at support for diagnostics and therapy for voice and speech/language disorders,
Josef Beck, who dealt with hormonal voice disturbances, and Scholz from Goerlitz , who paid his attention to the medicinal treatment of stuttering.
Furthermore, men like R. Imhofer, W. Trendelenburg and R. Sokolowski as well as J. Berendes worked in this period of time and did important contributions for the blossoming out and growth of phoniatrics by their scientific and practical activities. W. Trendelenburg, physiologist in Berlin, together with E. Zwirner from the Neurobiological Iinstitute of the Berlin University, edited the “Archiv fuer Sprach- und Stimmphysiologie und Sprach- und Stimmheilkunde” within the frame of the “Archiv fuer die gesamte Phonetikin as from 1937, in cooperation with (among others) H. Gutzmann jun., R. Schilling, M. Seeman, J. Tarneaud and F. Wethlo.
Medical and social aspects of phoniatrics
Gutzmann and his students, primarily Nadoleczny and Seeman, gave the area of voice and speech/language disorders a solid medical basis by extensive experimental and clinical studies, not last but also by the practical work voice and speech/language disabled patients, from which phoniatrics could develop as a medical special specialty. Without detracting from the meaning of the numerous previous performances, which could be mentioned in this summary only partly, one can say well that Hermann Gutzmann senior was the central personality, who gave the new subject the defining profile. In this sense we call Gutzmann the founder of phoniatrics. Due to the connection to ORL which goes back to the close cooperation with Killian, Gutzmann had also essential influence on the choice of the “parent discipline”; phoniatrics developed in the frame of ORL in most countries. Phoniatricians profited primarily from the investigation methods of the ORL specialists, on the other hand, the attention to functional, phsychological and social aspects of the voice in the field of ENT was promoted by the voice and speech/language doctors. Nadoleczny answered his question “What needs the ENT doctor to know of speech/language and voice pathology”? himself as follows: “Everything, and that is because he as the specialist for the voice and speech/language organs is asked by his patients with concern to all malfunctions of these organs. One shouldn’t be frightened! This doesn’t mean, that the ENT doctor should be able to master everything, that he should have full competence regarding phoniatrics, but he should be acquainted with this field”. Nadoleczny in conclusion, came to the following assessment: “I think to have shown that the science of the human voice and its disturbances, the social meaning of which shouldn’t be underestimated, has added a big area to laryngology. This means quite considerable demands on the education of the doctor for its relations to general physical diseases, to nervous and mental illnesses on the one hand, to physiology, to acoustics and musicology on the other hand. ... Only one thing is regrettable, and that is the fact that medicine has taken hold of this area only that late, and has left a great temporal lead to quackery … However, our special teachers, trained excellently and educated by the state, have also gone ahead. It is of great advantage for the doctor to work together with them, because we can learn quite something from them what is missing in the medical education. A cooperation with really good voice teachers is also very valuable for the throat doctor, as practiced in an exemplary way by Thost with Vogel”. The social meaning of speech/language disorders had already been stressed by H. Gutzmann senior, when he pointed out that every speech/language disorder carries an antisocial character. Nadoleczny extended this statement to communicative dimensions of the voice and, thus, put essential signs for the further development.
And even more from Nadoleczny: “Medical specialist for speech/language and voice pathology, they will, probably, exist only outside Germany in future ... “ This striking statement refers, certainly, to the political situation at this time. When fascism came to power in Germany, its negative consequences had also got obvious for phoniatrics. Nadoleczny returned to Switzerland, because he was an anti-nationalsocialist. A close coworker of Nadoleczny, his student Otto Heymann, had to give up his university career in Farnkfurt/M just before finishing his Ph.D. thesis, because he was Jewish. Flatau in Berlin was dismissed. Also other Phoniatricians, who were Jews, were pursued. For this reason such well-known scientists like Froeschels and D. Weiss emigrated to the USA. Imhofer in Prague committed suicide. Emil Froeschels responded to the question, why several phoniatricians escaped from Europe this way: “One permanently was threatened on the life by the Nazi regime “. Hugo Stern was also Jewish. Zoeppel in Chemnitz had to cancel any contact with the Viennese school. Since a large portion of the scientific literature dated from the feather of Jewish doctors, these publications should have been destroyed (“burning of the books”), too. Zoeppel could safe this literature in his institute. These conditions, nevertheless, contributed to disturb the discipline in its development considerably.
The Nazi terror produced terrible victims. Phoniatrics, a branch which was to serve communication and promote the relations between people, found itself exposed to an adversary here, to which physical and emotional extermination of people was a principle, and that to an inconceivable extent. Phoniatricians and speech teachers were part of the victims of the Nazi regime and of World War II. In Prague, it was R. Imhofer, and the history of IALP tells about Branco van Dantzig: “killed in the gas chambers of Auschwitz.”. This shameful chapter of German history may be never forgotten, and all of us are asked to take care that it never recurs.
Hermann Gutzmann senior and his students had set up a solid scientific building. Even with the destruction being almost complete at the end of the war, these foundations stood firm. And with the collapse of the fascism in 1945, hope took rise for a new set-up, also for phoniatrics, at the same time.
Literature
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Wethlo, F.: Die Entwicklung des Laboratoriums fuer experimentelle Phonetik und Akustik. Wiss. Z. HU Berlin, Ges.Sprachw. R. 4 (1954/1955), 89-90.
Wendler, J. (Ed.): 75 Jahre Phoniatrie. Festschrift zu Ehren von Hermann Gutzmann sen. HU Berlin, 1980
Zehmisch, H.: Er brachte Licht ins Dunkel – Zum Gedenken an J. N. Czermak anlässlich seines 100. Todestages am 16. September 1973. Zschr. Ärztl. Fortbild. 67 (1972), 949-951
Zehmisch, H.: Erinnerung an den traurigen Irrtum des berühmten Chirurgen Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach. HNO-Praxis 2 (1977), 144
Zumsteeg, H.: Rueckschau auf aerztliche Taetigkeit in der Sprachheilpaedagogik. Z. Heilpaed. 12 (1960), 607-612.
ueber H. Dahmann (in memoriam). Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 22 (1932), 511-512.
ueber F. Wethlo. Z. Phonetik u. allg. Sprachwiss. 113 (1960), 93-97 (Wethlos wissenschaftliches Werk).
Books
Barth, E.: Einfuehrung in die Physiologie, Pathologie und Hygiene der menschlichen Stimme. Leipzig: Thieme 1911.
Flatau, Th. S., Gutzmann, H. sen.: Die Bauchrednerkunst, geschichtliche und experimentelle Untersuchungen. Leipzig 1894.
Flatau, Th. S., Gutzmann, H. sen.: Hygiene des Kehlkopfes und der Stimme, die Stimmstoerungen der Saenger. Wien 1898.
Flatau, Th. S.: Die funktionelle Stimmschwaeche der Saenger, Sprecher und Kommandorufer. Charlottenburg : Buerkner 1906.
Helmholtz, H. v.: Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik“, Vieweg, Braunschweig 1863, 6. Aufl. 1913
Kussmaul, A.: Die Stoerungen der Sprache. (Versuch einer Pathologie der Sprache.) Leipzig: Vogel 1877.
Merkel, C. L.: Anthropophonik. Leipzig: Abel 1863.
Mueller, J.: Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, zweiter Band, 1840
Musehold, A.: Allgemeine Akustik und Mechanik des menschlichen Stimmorgans. Berlin: Springer 1913.
Nadoleczny, M.: Untersuchungen ueber den Kunstgesang. Berlin: Springer 1923.
Nadoleczny, M.: Kurzes Lehrbuch der Sprach- und Stimmheilkunde, z. Aufl. Leipzig: Vogel 1926.
Monographies, Ph.D. Theses, and book Chapters
Berger, W.: Ueber normale und pathologische Gleitlaute. Med. Habilschr. 1931.
Dahmann, H.: Ueber die Lumen- und Druckverhaeltnisse in der Speiseroehre. Med. Habilschr. 1922; Z. HNO-Heilk. 7 (1924), 329-377.
Flatau, Th. S.: Hygiene des Kehlkopfes und der Stimme, Stimmstoerungen der Saenger. In: Hdb. der Laryngologie und Rhinologie. Bd. 1. Hrsg. von P. Heymann. Wien: Hoelder 1898.
Flatau, Th. S.: Die Krankheiten der Sing und Sprechstimme. In: Hdb. d. HNO-Heilk. Hrsg. von A. Denker u. O. Kahler. Bd. 5. Berlin: Springer 1929.
Gutzmann, H. jun.: Gutzmanns Sprechuebungsbuch. 20. Aufl. Osterwieck, Wien: Staude 1942.
Nadoleczny, M.: Sprach- und Stimmstoerungen im Kindesalter. In: Hdb. der Kinderheilkunde. Hrsg. von M. Pfaundler u. A. Schlossmann. Leipzig: Vogel 1912.
Nadoleczny, M.: Physiologie der Stimme und Sprache. In: Hdb. d. HNO-Heilk. Hrsg. von A. Denker u. O. Kahler. Bd. 1. Berlin: Springer 1925.
Nadoleczny, M.: Sprachstoerungen. In: Hdb. d. HNO-Heilk. Hrsg. von A. Denker u. O. Kahler. Bd. 5. Berlin: Springer 1929.
Schilling, R.: Die Atembewegungen in Sprache und Gesang. Med. Habilschr. 1922.
Schilling, R.: Die Untersuchungsmethoden der Stimme und Sprache. In: Hdb. d. HNO-Heilk. Hrsg. von A. Denker u. O. Kahler. Bd. 5. Berlin: Springer 1925.
Articles in Journals
Berger, W.: Subglottische Druckmessungen an Kanuelentraegern. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 25 (1934), 28-38.
Berger, W.: Ueber Vokaltheorie. Arch. Sprach- u. Stimmheilk. 1 (1937), 150.
Dahmann, H.: Die Aufbauelemente der Sprache. Uebersicht ueber ihr Zusammenwirken und ihre Stoerungen. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 19 (1930) 260-276.
Dieffenbach, J.F.: Die Heilung des Stotterns durch eine neue chirurgische Operation. A. Förster, Berlin 1841
Flatau, Th.: Ueber die optischen Verhaeltnisse des Kehlkopfendoskops. Die Stimme 6 (1912), 225 u. 260; Cbl. Laryng. 30 (1914), 418.
Flatau, Th.: Disposition und Indisposition beim Singen. Die Stimme 6 (1912), 354; Cbl. Laryng. 30 (1914), 211.
Flatau, Th.: Zur Physiotherapie der funktionellen Stimmstoerungen. Die Stimme 7 (1913), 265-271; Cbl. Laryng. 30 (1914), 64.
Gutzmann, H. jun.: Zur Behandlung des sprachunfertigen Kleinkindes. II. Vers. dtsch. Ges. Sprach- u. Stimmheilk. Leipzig 1928. Leipzig: Kabitzsch 1929, 92.
Gutzmann, H. jun.: Erbbiologische, soziologische und organische Faktoren, die Sprachstoerungen beguenstigen. Arch. Sprach- u. Stimmheilk. 3 (1939), 135.
Katzenstein, J.: Ueber Probleme und Fortschritte in der Erkenntnis der Vorgaenge bei der menschlichen Lautgebung nebst Mitteilung einer Untersuchung ueber den Stimmlippenton und die Beteiligung der verschiedenen Raeume des Ansatzrohres an dem Aufbau der Vokalklaenge. Passow-Schaefers Beitr. 3 (1910), 292-326.
Katzenstein, J.: Ueber Brust-, Mittel- und Falsettstimme. Passow-Schaefers Beitr. 4 (1911), 271-301.
Katzenstein, J.: Bemerkungen ueber Taetigkeit und Bestrebungen des Phonetikers. Passow-Schaefers Beitr. 12 (1919), 86-96.
Loebell, H.: Palilalie oder Stottern. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 18 (1929), 191-196.
Loebell, H.: Stimmcharaktere und Kretschmersche Typen. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 23 (1932), 307-313.
Loebell, H.: Zur Frage des freiwilligen Schweigens. IV. Vers. dtsch. Ges. Sprach- u. Stimmheilk. Muenchen (1934), 61-66.
Loebell, H.: Gehoer und Sprachstoerungen. Dtsch. Med. Wschr. 16 (1935), 619-621.
Loebell, H.: Seelentaubheit. Arch. Ohren usw. Heilk. 154 (1944), 157.
Nadoleczny, M.: Was muss der HNO-Arzt von Sprach- und Stimmheilkunde wissen? Z. HNO-Heilk. 44 (1938), 1 78.
Nadoleczny, M.: Kurpfuscherei an Sprach- und Stimmkranken und die Schuld der AErzte. Muench. Med. Wschr. 78 (1931), 1139.
Schilling, R.: Gesang und Kreislauf. Z. HNO-Heilk. 3 (1922), 533-541
Schilling, R.: Ueber die Anwendung der Kollektivmasslehre in der Phoniatrie. Z. HNO-Heilk. 12 (1926), 672-677.
Schilling, R.: Ueber die Stimme erbgleicher Zwillinge. Klin. Wschr. 15 (1935), 756-757.
Schilling, R.: Ueber Stimmeinsaetze. Proc. III Int. Congr. Phonet. Sciences. Ghent 1938. 178.
Tonndorf, W.: Die Mechanik bei den Stimmlippenschwingungen und beim Schnarchen. Z. HNO-Heilk. 12 (1925), 241-245.
Tonndorf, W.: Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen dem Kehlkopf und seinem Ansatzrohr bei der Bildung der Sprachlaute. Z. HNO-Heilk. 18 (1927), 490-497.
Wethlo, F.: Die Obertoene. Die Stimme 5 (1910/11), 321-361.
Wethlo, F.: Die Schwingungen der Stimmlippen. Die Stimme 7 (1913), 329-333.
Wethlo, F.: Praxis der phonetischen Tonhoehenmessung. Z. Laryng. Rhinol. 18 (1929), 257-261.
Zumsteeg, H.: Rekurrenslaehmung bei Bronchial-Tuberculose. Charité-Annalen 33 (1911.
Zumsteeg, H.: Ueber Erkrankungen der Kommandostimme. Dtsch. Militaeraerztl. Z. (1912) H. 2.
Zumsteeg, H.: Die Stimmschwaeche beim Kommandieren. Militaer-Blaetter, Okt./Nov. 1912.