Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) after 1990 Eberhard Kruse (Goettingen) After the reunification of Germany in 1990, it was, not at all, easy to bring phoniatrics from East Germany, the former GDR, together with phoniatrics and paedaudiology of the former West Germany in the now reunified Federal Republic of all Germany. It was particularly difficult that the care of hearing impaired children was part of the field of audiology in the former GDR. Finally, it turned out well quite fast to find constructive solutions for the till then purely phoniatric departments of the former GDR to transform them into phoniatric-paedaudiological departments and, thus, to put uniform pespectives for a common future of phoniatrics and paedaudiology in Germany. „Phoniatrics and Paedaudiology“ was recognized as an independent specialty with a 5-years postgraduate education at the 95th „Deutsche Aerztetag“ in Cologne 1992. The German professional organization of the specialists for phoniatrics and paedaudiology was then founded in 1992, too. The 1st chairman was Prof. Dr. E. Loebell, Hanover, Munich, who conducted the professional organization up to his death in 1996. After him, from 1996 up to 1999 Prof. Dr. E. Kruse, Goettingen, was elected chairman, since 1999 Dr. W. Strauss (Leipzig). The German society for phoniatrics and paedaudiology has, at present, 206 members, and 111 members belong to the German professional organization for phoniatrics and paedaudiology, 70 out of them in private practice. In Germany there are, at present, 13 university chairs of phoniatrics and paedaudiology and 11 dependent phoniatric-paedaudiological university related departments as well as 33 not university related departments and reha facilities. For details of the present state of phoniatrics and paedaudiology in Germany (status and heads of the departments, academic staff, research, publications), see under Germany, individual facilities (link), as collected by J. Wendler and E. Kruse.